The Newly Discovered Tilcayo Tiger Cat

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Scientists have identified a remarkable new wild cat species in Bolivia’s Yungas cloud forests: the Tilcayo tiger cat, scientifically named Leopardus tilcayo. The discovery, announced in September 2026, represents the first formal description of a new living cat species in more than a century. The small feline is approximately 18 inches long and weighs around 3 pounds, making it smaller than the average domestic cat. Its light-brown coat is covered with distinctive irregular rosettes, giving it the spotted appearance characteristic of tiger cats.

What makes the discovery especially fascinating is that the Tilcayo was hiding in plain sight. Researchers initially believed the animal belonged to another tiger cat species, but differences in its appearance prompted further investigation. Scientists analyzed genetic material from 38 cats across South America and discovered that the Tilcayo represents a genetically distinct lineage that separated from other tiger cats approximately 1.4 million years ago. The research also revealed that what was once considered a single tiger-cat group actually contains five distinct species.

There is still much to learn about the mysterious Tilcayo. Researchers believe it may be primarily nocturnal, and evidence from scat suggests that small rodents could be part of its diet. Its population size and complete geographic range remain uncertain, while its Yungas habitat faces pressure from deforestation, agriculture, fires and mining. Scientists have submitted their findings to the International Union for Conservation of Nature for consideration in future conservation assessments. The discovery is a reminder that even in well-studied groups such as cats, previously unknown species can still be found—and some may require protection before scientists have fully understood them.